秘密練習

Celebrating the Life of Abraham Lincoln
為亞伯拉罕‧林肯的一生喝采

(A line from Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" is displayed at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. 一行亞伯拉罕‧林肯的「蓋茨堡演詞」在華盛頓的林肯紀念堂展示。)

“Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history. We of this Congress and this administration will be remembered in spite of ourselves. No personal significance or insignificance can spare one or another of us. The fiery trial through which we pass will light us down in honor or dishonor, to the latest generation. We – even we here –hold the power and bear the responsibility.”

「同胞們，我們不能逃脫歷史。本屆國會和本屆政府的諸君將被人們牢記。不管我們自己是否願意，誰也不能因其個人作用的大小而得以倖免。我們通過的這場烈火考驗將永遠照耀我們—不論是光榮或恥辱—直到最後一代。 我們—我們在此—大權在握，重任在身。」

That was actor Henry Fonda, speaking the words of President Lincoln. This recitation is part of “A Lincoln Portrait,” a work by American composer Aaron Copland.
演員亨利‧方達說著林肯總統的致詞，而這段致詞節錄自一位美國作曲家—艾倫‧柯普蘭的作品「林肯畫像」。

The words we just heard were part of a speech President Lincoln gave to the United States Congress in 1862. At the time, he was leading the nation during the Civil War. This was the most serious crisis in American history. Lincoln spoke to lawmakers a month before he signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The document declared the freedom of slaves in states controlled by rebel forces.
我們剛剛聽到的這些文字是取自於林肯總統1862年在國會上的致詞，那時候，他帶領國家走過了內戰時期，這是美國歷史上最嚴重的轉折點，林肯在他簽下解放奴隸宣言前曾向立法者遊說了一個月，而文中也公開宣布了國內奴隸的自由是背叛軍控制的。

(Abraham Lincoln 亞伯拉罕‧林肯)

Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky on February12th, 1809. He grew up in Illinois. His family was poor and had no education. Abraham Lincoln taught himself what he needed to know. He became a lawyer. He served in the Illinois state legislature and in the United States Congress. In 1860, he was elected to the country's highest office.
亞伯拉罕‧林肯於1809年2月12日在肯塔基州出生，在伊利諾州長大，他的家庭很貧窮而且沒有受到教育，亞伯拉罕‧林肯教導他自己什麼是他需要知道的，他變成了一名律師，他在伊利諾州的州議會和美國國會工作，在1860年，他被推選為國家最高官員。

President Lincoln helped end slavery in the nation. And he helped keep the American union from splitting apart during the Civil War. Lincoln believed that democracy can be a lasting form of government.
林肯總統幫助國內結束了奴隸制，並且幫助中止美國在內戰時的分裂，使其和諧，林肯相信民主制度能在政府成為一種持久的制度。

In 1863, the president gave what became his most famous speech. Union armies of the north had won two great victories that year. They defeated the Confederate armies of the south at Vicksburg, Mississippi and at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Ceremonies were held to honor the dead soldiers on the Gettysburg battlefield.
在1863年，總統發表了一個他最有名的演講，而北軍在當年獲得了兩場勝役，他們分別在密西西比州的維克斯堡和賓夕法尼亞州的蓋茨堡打敗了南軍，殉職典禮舉辦再蓋茨堡，用以向那些在戰場上戰死的軍人致敬。

(The battleground at Gettysburg, where Lincoln gave his famous speech 蓋茨堡的戰場，林肯在這裡發表了他最著名的一場演說)

President Lincoln spoke at Gettysburg for only about two minutes. But his speech has never been forgotten. Historians say it defined Americans as a people who believed in freedom, democracy and equality. The speech began:
林肯總統在蓋茨堡的演說只有約兩分鐘，但世人卻永遠銘記，歷史學家說那次的演講，定義了美國那些相信自由、民主以及平等的人們，演說內容如下：

“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
「八十七年以前，我們的祖先在此大陸建立一個新的國家，孕育於自由，致力於凡人生而平等的理念。

“Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it, as a final resting place for those who died here, that the nation might live.”
今天在這偉大的內戰中，我們要考驗此一國家，及任何篤信自由、追求平等的國家，能否維持永久。現在我們齊集這偉大的戰場上。我們此來目的，在奉獻戰場的一部，給予為國捐軀的戰士，讓他們做為最後安息之所。」

(A print showing President Lincoln on his deathbed 林肯總統死在他床上的圖片)

Abraham Lincoln wrote some of the most memorable words in American history. Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. He was shot at Ford’s Theater in Washington while he and his wife were watching a play. He died a few days after the Civil War ended. Yet his words live on.
亞伯拉罕寫下了一些在美國歷史上最難忘的字句，林肯在1865年被暗殺，被槍殺的當時，他與他的夫人在華盛頓州的福特戲院正在觀賞一齣劇，他在內戰結束幾天後死亡，但他的文字卻會永遠存在人們心中。

In 1942, orchestra conductor Andre Kostelanetz asked three leading American composers to write musical portraits of famous Americans. One of the three was Aaron Copland. His compositions were often based on traditional American music. In a conversation recorded at the Library of Congress in 1975, on his 75th birthday, Copland recalled:
1942年時，一名管弦樂指揮家—安德烈‧克斯特蘭妮茲向三位帶頭的美國作曲家要求寫出一首關於美國名人的音樂畫像，三位作曲家其中一位是艾倫‧柯普蘭，他的作曲經常是建立在美國的傳統音樂，1975年時在國會圖書館，在柯普蘭的七十五歲生日當天有一段對話的錄音，柯普蘭回憶道：

“I picked Lincoln. And after I decided to do a musical portrait of Lincoln, I　began looking around at some of the biographies of him, and I found a very　interesting one by an English lord, a man called Lord Charnwood, of all things, and it was in there that I found some of the quotes that I used in the work itself.”
我選擇了林肯，而當我決定作一首林肯的音樂畫像後，我開始四處瀏覽一些有關他的傳記，我發現了一個非常有趣的傳文，是一位英國皇室寫的，他是查恩伍德勳爵，在他的作品裡，我找到了一些引述用在我的作品裡。

(Aaron Copland, 1900-1990: His Music Taught Americans About Themselves 艾倫‧柯普蘭(1900-1990)：他的音樂教育美國人認識他們自己)

Aaron Copland wrote “A Lincoln Portrait” for speaker and symphony orchestra. The speaker recites words taken from Lincoln’s speeches, letters, and the Gettysburg Address. In our conversation in 1975, Copland remembered the very first speaker.
艾倫‧柯普蘭為演說者和交響管弦樂團寫了「林肯畫像」，演說者當眾吟誦那些取自於林肯的演說、信，還有蓋茨堡演詞的文字，我們在1975年的對話中，柯普蘭記得最一開始的演說者。

“It was Carl Sandburg, the great biographer of Lincoln, so that one had full confidence that he knew what he was talking about.”
「他是卡爾‧桑德堡，一位偉大的林肯傳記者，所以他有十足的信心知道自己在說些什麼。」

And, did Copland have a favorite speaker over the many years “A Lincoln Portrait” had been performed?
那麼，這麼多年下來，柯普蘭有沒有一個自己最喜歡的「林肯畫像」演說者表演過呢？

“I’ve heard it done by so many different people, in so many different ways, that it’s hard for me really to decide, in my own mind, who has the perfect way. Obviously, if you get someone with Sandburg’s personality, whom one connects with Lincoln in some way or other, that helps a great deal.”
「我聽過這麼多不同的人用不同的方法演繹，要我決定一個最喜歡的其實是很困難的，在我心中，卡爾‧桑德堡是最棒的一位，而很顯然的，如果你再找其他擁有桑德堡的人格特質的人，而他也同時擁有與林肯的一些關聯，這也是個不錯的主意。」

(Actor Henry Fonda 演員亨利‧方達)

Copland added a “Note for the Speaker” to the score for “A Lincoln Portrait.” It reads that “the words are meant to be read simply and directly, without a trace of exaggerated sentiment. It is the composer’s wish that the speaker depend for his effect not on his “acting” ability, but on his complete sincerity of manner.”
柯普蘭還在「林肯畫像」的樂譜上加上了「給演說者的筆記」，譬如說：「這個字應該要讀地簡單直接，絲毫不能添加任何誇張的情緒，作曲家希望演說者能依照他希望的效果呈現表演，而不是依照他個人的『表演』能力，但是一切都要建立在真摯情感的表現方法上。」

In 1968, Copland led the London Symphony Orchestra, with Henry Fonda speaking the words of Lincoln – in just the way the composer preferred.
1968年時，柯普蘭帶領著倫敦交響管弦樂團，與亨利‧方達朗讀林肯的文字一起表演—用作曲者最喜歡的方式。

“Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history.” That is what he said. That is what Abraham Lincoln said: “Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history. We of this Congress and this administration will be remembered in spite of ourselves. No personal significance or insignificance can spare one or another of us. The fierytrial through which we pass will light us down in honor or dishonor, to the latest generation. We – even we here –hold the power and bear the responsibility…”
「同胞們，我們不能逃脫歷史。」他說。那是亞伯拉罕‧林肯說的：「同胞們，我們不能逃脫歷史。本屆國會和本屆政府的諸君將被人們牢記。不管我們自己是否願意，誰也不能因其個人作用的大小而得以倖免。我們通過的這場烈火考驗將永遠照耀我們—不論是光榮或恥辱—直到最後一代。 我們—我們在此—大權在握，重任在身…」

He was born in Kentucky, raised in Indiana, and lived in Illinois. And this is what he said. This is what Abe Lincoln said:
他在肯塔基州出生，在印第安納州長大，住在伊利諾斯州，而這些都是他說的，全都是亞伯拉罕‧林肯說的：

“Dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present. The　occasion is piled high with difficulty, and we must rise with the occasion. As　our case is new, so we must think anew and act anew. We must disenthrall　ourselves and then we shall save our country.”
「平靜過去的教條和暴風雨的現代是不相匹的。時機被艱難推得很高，我們必須和時機一起進步。我們的事例是新的，我們必須重新思考，重新行動。我們必須解放我們自己，然後才能拯救我們的國家。」

When standing erect, he was six feet four inches tall, and this is what he said. He said:
他站直時有六呎四吋高，而接下來的這些話也是他說的，他說：

“It is the eternal struggle between two principles, right and wrong, throughout the world. It is the same spirit that says ‘You toil and work, and earn bread, and I’ll eat it,’ no matter in what shape it comes, whether from the mouth of a king who seeks to bestride the people of his own nation, and live by the fruit of their labor, or from one race of men as an apology for enslaving another race. It is the same tyrannical principle.”
「它是兩種原則─正義和邪惡─之間在世界範圍內永不休止的爭鬥。它懷著一如既往的精神說道：『你們工作吧、辛勞吧！你們掙回麵包供我享用吧！』它不管以何種形式出現，不論是出自一個恣意踐踏本國人民 於腳下的君王之口，還是一個種族要奴役另一個種族的辯解，都出於那個專橫暴虐的原則…」

Lincoln was a quiet man. Abe Lincoln was a quiet and a melancholy man. But, when he spoke of Democracy, this is what he said.
林肯是個很安靜的人。亞伯拉罕‧林肯是個既安靜又憂鬱的人，但是他卻為了民主發聲，他是這麼說的。

He said: “As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of Democracy. Whatever differs from this, to the extent of the difference, is no democracy.”
他說：「正如我不是奴隸，所以我也不是主人，這就是我的民主理念，任何不同程度的差異都不是民主。」

Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of these United States, is everlasting in the memory of his countrymen, for on the battleground at Gettysburg this is what he said:
美國的第十六任總統亞伯拉罕‧林肯，永遠的存在於他同鄉們的記憶裡，在蓋茨堡的戰場上，他說：

“That from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion: that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
「自光榮的亡者之處吾人肩起其終極之奉獻—吾等在此答應亡者之死當非徒然—此國度，於神佑之下，當享有自由之新生—民有、民治、民享之政府當免於凋零。」

Henry Fonda with the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by the composer in Aaron Copland’s “A Lincoln Portrait.”
亨利‧方達與倫敦交響管弦樂團，在作曲家的帶領下，演繹了艾倫‧柯普蘭的「林肯畫像」。